21.0 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANOLS AND ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Having explored hydrocarbons, we now turn to functional groups – specific atoms or groups that give organic molecules their characteristic properties. This chapter covers two important families: alkanols (alcohols) containing the –OH group, and alkanoic acids (carboxylic acids) containing the –COOH group. Their reaction together produces esters, which are responsible for many fruity smells and are the basis for soaps (via saponification). We also explore the world of polymers and detergents.

21.1 ALKANOLS (ALCOHOLS)

Alkanols have the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH. The functional group is the hydroxyl group (–OH) attached to a carbon atom.

21.1.1 Nomenclature

Alkanols are named by replacing the '-e' of the corresponding alkane with '-ol'. The position of the –OH group is indicated by a number (for chains longer than 3 carbons).

21.1.2 Preparation of Ethanol by Fermentation

Ethanol is produced industrially by fe